Mineral Resources and
Petrology lab
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GAMQUEST
A Computer Program to Identify Gamma Rays
- Introduction.
- Program Access and Output Files.
- How to Run GAMQUEST.
- Gamma-Ray Data.
- GAMQUEST, a Tool for Applied Research.
- Searching Strategies.
- Examples.
- Run GAMQUEST from Guest Account
- Acknowledgments.
- References.
The characteristic energies and intensities of gamma rays emitted by
radioactive isotopes are commonly used as fingerprints for isotope
identification. This specificity is the foundation of
neutron-activation analysis and the basis for the analysis of
radioactivity in environmental samples. Because of the large number
(over 60,000) of known gamma rays from radioactive decay, analysis can
be a formidable task, especially when applied to complex spectra with
numerous gamma rays. GAMQUEST can help overcome this difficulty by
comparing spectral lines with gamma-ray data contained in a large
database from the Table of Radioactive Isotopes
[1]. For each retrieved gamma ray, GAMQUEST displays the energy,
intensity, the name and half-life of the emitting isotope, and the
energies and intensities of the two most intense gamma rays emitted by
the isotope. Additional searching conditions applied to gamma-ray
intensities, and to the isotope's half-life, mass number A, and atomic
number Z may be included to reduce the number of superfluous matches.
A second program option produces, for individual isotopes, a list of
emitted x rays and gamma rays. The program stores the retrievals into
files that may be printed, or transferred by electronic mail to other
computers, as well as edited and displayed on the screen at the end of
each session.
(Return to Table of Contents)
GAMQUEST runs on the CSA1 computer of the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBNL) VAX/6610 cluster of Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC) computers. The program, written in DEC Command Language (DCL)
for the Virtual Memory System (VMS) operating system, executes several
procedures that operate a large relational database from the Table
of Radioactive Isotopes. Datatrieve [2] (a DEC
database management system) manages this database, which is on disk in
the Common Data Dictionary (CDD). Users can run GAMQUEST from
individual accounts, or from a Guest Account, through Hepnet,
Internet, or World Wide Web (WWW). GAMQUEST searches the database and
displays results on the screen. When running from individual accounts,
it stores the retrievals on the following disk files: GAMQUEST.OUT
(gamma-ray searches) and GAMLIST.OUT (lists of x rays and gamma rays).
These files remain available on disk at the end of sessions. GAMQUEST,
however, deletes them at the beginning of a new session. This version
of the program is available from the LOCAL_TOOLS public domain of the
LBNL computer cluster. When running GAMQUEST from a Guest Account,
users can display the retrievals on the screen and transfer them (by
electronic mail) to other disks or computers, but cannot print
results. At the end of each session, the program deletes the files
that contain the retrievals.
(Return to Table of Contents)
From individual accounts:
- a. Enter $ LOCAL_TOOLS GAMQUEST (or store this line in your
LOGIN.COM file so that it will be executed every time you log into
your account).
- b. Enter GAMQUEST.
A guest account with the username GAMQUEST is
available at the VAX/6610 LBNL computer cluster. This account has
limited amount of central processing units (CPU), and does not require
a password. Access to the account is possible from the Hepnet,
Internet, and World Wide Web networks.
From Hepnet:
- a. Enter SET HOST CSA1.
- b. Enter GAMQUEST (or CTRL Z to Quit) in response to Username:,
and proceed.
From Internet:
- a. Enter TELNET CSA1.LBL.GOV
- b. Enter GAMQUEST (or CTRL Z to Quit) in response to Username:,
and proceed.
From World Wide Web:
- a. To log into the GAMQUEST guest account now, click here
- b. Enter GAMQUEST (or CTRL Z to Quit) in response to Username:,
and proceed.
(Return to Table of Contents)
Gamma-ray energies and intensities displayed by GAMQUEST are rounded
values, without uncertainties, from the Table of Radioactive
Isotopes. This publication has detailed specific information on
these quantities.
The energy of a gamma ray observed in the decay of different
isotopes, but from the de-excitation of the same level in the
daughter nucleus, has one value only in the database. For example, the
1460.8-keV gamma ray which de- excites the 1460.8-keV level in 40Ar,
has the same energy in both the beta- decay of 40Cl and in the
electron-capture decay of 40K.
Gamma-ray intensities are given either on an absolute scale (%),
per 100 disintegrations of the emitting isotope, or on a relative
scale (r), usually normalized to 100 for the most intense gamma ray.
These intensities may be compared with those deduced from the
gamma-ray spectra.
Gamma rays that de-excite an isomeric state in the daughter nucleus
have equilibrium intensities in the database. These values are
reached after about three half-lives of the isomeric state. For
example, the 140.5-keV gamma ray from the decay of 99Mo (2.7 d) has an
intensity of 90.7% in equilibrium with the daughter nucleus 99Tc (6.0
h).
X-ray intensities, which are always given on an absolute scale (%),
have been calculated from the number of vacancies in the K, L1, L2,
and L3 atomic shells, produced both by conversion and by
electron-capture processes. Unless they constitute the only source of
electromagnetic radiation, x rays are not listed if their intensities
are <0.01% of that for the most intense gamma ray emitted by the
isotope.
(Return to Table of Contents)
This program has been especially tailored to the needs of applied
users in gamma-ray spectroscopy, in particular, to those needs
requiring the identification of gamma-ray emitters in samples.
GAMQUEST assumes that users have conventional experimental
capabilities, and optimizes the various questions and messages
accordingly. The main menu has the following options:
Gamma-ray Search, which identifies spectral lines by
comparing their energies with database values for known isotopes. For
each matched gamma ray, GAMQUEST displays (on the same line) its
energy, the symbol and half- life of the emitter, and the energies and
intensities of its two most intense gamma rays. These additional data
are helpful for identifying other spectral lines and thereby
confirming their isotopic assignments. The program assumes that users
analyze a spectrum to identify the various lines that, ultimately, may
lead to knowledge of the emitting isotopes. In addition to the
gamma-ray energy and its uncertainty, GAMQUEST allows one to search
on:
- Gamma-ray intensities,
- Isotope's half-life range, and
- Isotope's mass number (A) and atomic number (Z).
GAMQUEST requests an energy and its uncertainty, followed by the
number of the most intense gamma rays (of the emitting isotopes) to be
included in the search; it then requests the half-life range of these
isotopes. The latter information is usually obtained from the
gamma-ray decay rate of the sample, or often, by comparing spectral
intensities with those from known isotopes also present in the
spectrum. Finally, the program requests a range for the mass number
(A) and atomic number (Z). This information might be known from the
type and origin (e.g., neutron activated, environmental, etc.) of the
sample. An increase in the uncertainty of the input gamma-ray energy
will augment the number of matches with gamma rays in the database,
and therefore produce a lengthier gamma-ray list. However, the number
of superfluous matches may be significantly reduced by including
additional conditions for the half-life, mass, atomic numbers, and, especially,
for the gamma-ray intensities. For example, a search for a (122.1 ±
0.1)-keV gamma ray produces a list of 7 gamma rays (7 matches). For a
(122.1 ± 0.5)-keV gamma ray, the number of matches increases to 41.
This number may be reduced to 7 by including in the search just the most
intense gamma ray emitted by each isotope.
List of X Rays and Most Intense Gamma Rays, which lists
energies and intensities for x rays, and for the most intense gamma
rays emitted by a specific isotope. The length of the list depends on
intensity conditions imposed. GAMQUEST requests a mass number, then a
chemical element symbol (first letter only should be capital). If the
isotope has isomers, the program displays their entries on the screen
and requests users to choose one. As in the previous option (see
Gamma-ray Search), GAMQUEST assumes that users analyze a spectrum to
identify spectral lines, using the strongest known gamma rays from
specific isotopes in the database. For each spectrum, the program
requests the energy cutoff (minimum and maximum) and the number of
most intense gamma rays to retrieve. GAMQUEST displays them on the
screen, together with the more intense (see Section 4.0) x rays
emitted by this isotope.
Decay modes are used to label gamma rays from isotopes that decay
through more than one mode. The isotope symbol of the daughter nucleus
labels x rays, and the classical Siegbahn notations designate the
various lines. This option not only provides the database information
that is needed for isotope identification, but also may serve another
purpose as well. The following example illustrates this point. Suppose
a user enters 1332.3 ± 0.1 keV, expecting to find 60Co, but 60Co does
not appear on the retrieval list. Inspection of the full list of 60Co
photons shows an energy of 1332.5 keV, which is outside the input
energy range, and obviously the reason for its absence from the
retrieval.
(Return to Table of Contents)
Efficient searches should minimize the number of superfluous matches
without missing useful data. Although each case may be different, the
following general suggestions should help accomplish this objective.
- Input gamma-ray energies and uncertainties.
- To avoid missing useful matches (even when using precise
energies) it is recommended that uncertainties be increased
by a factor of at least three, or more, if there are indications
of systematic uncertainties.
- Gamma-ray intensities.
- Prominent lines in the spectrum should be identified first,
using only the few most intense (e.g., 3 to 5) gamma rays
from each isotope in the database.
- Half-life, atomic (Z), and mass (A) numbers.
- Additional conditions on the range of these properties would
further reduce the number of superfluous matches. For example, if
the sample was produced by neutron activation, and the gamma-ray
measurement started a week after bombardment, it is very likely
that most of the gamma rays in the spectrum belong to isotopes
with half-lives greater than about one day. A range of 1 day to
1.0E9 y would be adequate for the search. There may be samples for
which the ranges of A and Z are known (by chemical or isotopic
separation, etc.). These ranges should be included as conditions
to the search.
- X-ray and gamma-ray lists.
- Full lists of gamma and x rays should be retrieved for the
gamma-ray emitters assigned in the previous steps. Additional
lines may be identified here, confirming those assignments.
- Other conditions.
- If weaker lines remain unidentified in the spectrum, new
searches should be performed, with less restrictive conditions.
These searches will obviously produce lengthier lists of gamma
rays and an increased number of superfluous matches.
(Return to Table of Contents)
- Neutron Activation Analysis.
- A rock sample from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in
Canada was bombarded with thermal neutrons in a reactor for one
hour, and then analyzed for content. Click here
to display the 100-800 keV region, or here
for the 800-1600 keV region of the gamma-ray spectrum, measured
for 30 minutes, 10 days after the end of bombardment. The
following conditions should be adequate for the first search with
GAMQUEST:
- a. Uncertainty in gamma-ray energies: 1 keV.
- b. Number of most intense gamma rays from each isotope: 5.
- c. Half-life range: 1 day to 1E9 y.
- d. No conditions on atomic or mass numbers.
To run the program from an individual account, type GAMQUEST and
proceed (See Section 3). Entries in boldface are user's responses.
The program displays the following message:
*************************************************************
* ------------------- *
* | G A M Q U E S T | *
* ------------------- *
* Edgardo Browne *
* EBROWNE@LBL *
* November 1993 *
* *
* A Program for Identifying Isotopes *
* by Searching Gamma Rays from the *
* *
* TABLE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES DATABASE *
* (over 60,000 gamma rays) *
* *
* GAMQUEST runs on CSA1 *
* *
* Table of Radioactive Isotopes, Edgardo Browne and Richard *
* B. Firestone, edited by Virginia S. Shirley; John Wiley & *
* Sons, Inc., 1986. *
*************************************************************
Press RETURN to continue
Then GAMQUEST displays its main menu:
______________________________________________________________
| |
| Enter: |
| |
| 1. To perform a gamma-ray search. |
| |
| 2. To list gamma and x rays by emitting isotope. |
| |
| 3. To QUIT. |
|______________________________________________________________|
Enter 1, 2, or 3: 1
____________________________________________________________________
| G A M M A - R A Y S E A R C H |
| This section of the program presents gamma rays and their |
| emitting isotopes. GAMQUEST lists gamma rays from the |
| Table of Radioactive Isotopes (and their emitting isotopes) for |
| energies within a specified input range (Eg +- DEg). |
| In addition, for each listed isotope, the program displays the |
| two most intense gamma rays. Intensities are: |
| * Photon emission probabilities (%) (per 100 disintegrations of |
| the emitting isotope), or |
| * Relative (r), usually normalized to 100 for the most intense |
| gamma ray. |
| Additional searching conditions are: |
| * Number of most intense gamma rays from each isotope. |
| * Half-life, and/or |
| * Mass number (A), and/or |
| * Atomic number (Z). |
| The entire retrieval is stored in the file GAMQUEST.OUT, which |
| may be displayed, edited, or printed at the end of the session. |
| Searches may be repeated using the same or different input data. |
| Please allow 30 seconds to load the database. |
|_________________ L O A D I N G D A T A B A S E . . .______________|
Enter gamma-ray energy (keV), (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT search): 103.4
Enter Uncertainty (keV): 1
Enter number of most intense gamma rays (e.g., 1, 4, 5,...), (0 to CANCEL): 5
Do you want to set a range for the isotope's half-life?
Enter Y or N: y
These are the half-life units:
________________________
| PS= 1.0E-12 sec. |
| NS= 1.0E-9 sec. |
| US= 1.0E-6 sec. |
| MS= 1.0E-3 sec. |
| S= sec. |
| M= min. |
| H= hr. |
| D= day |
| Y= year= 365.25 days |
------------------------
Enter minimum half-life (e.g., 20.0, 3.1E10, etc.). No unit: 1
Enter unit (e.g., S, M, H, D, Y, etc.), (C to CANCEL): d
Enter maximum half-life (e.g., 20.0, 3.1E10, etc.). No unit: 1E9
Enter unit (e.g., S, M, H, D, Y, etc.), (C to CANCEL): Y
Do you want to set a range for the isotope's atomic number Z?
Enter Y or N: n
**NO RESTRICTIONS ON Z**
Do you want to set a range for the isotope's mass number A?
Enter Y or N: N
**NO RESTRICTIONS ON A**
E(keV) I Isotope (T1/2) Two most intense gamma rays
E(keV) I E(keV) I
102.80 23.2E- 1 % 72Zn [ 1.93 D ] 144.7 ( 83.0 ) 191.5 ( 93.8E- 1 )
103.18 28.3 % 153Sm [ 1.94 D ] 97.4 ( 73.0E- 2 ) 69.7 ( 53.2E- 1 )
103.18 19.6 % 153Gd [ 241. D ] 97.4 ( 27.6 ) 69.7 ( 23.0E- 1 )
103.25 39.9E- 2 % 245Bk [ 4.94 D ] 253.0 ( 29.1 ) 381.0 ( 24.0E- 1 )
103.50 78.1E- 4 % 242Pu [ 376. KY ] 44.9 ( 36.0E- 3 ) 158.8 ( 45.0E- 5 )
103.65 10.0E- 5 % 241Pu [ 14.4 Y ] 148.5 ( 18.0E- 5 ) 77.0 ( 20.0E- 6 )
104.23 70.0E- 4 % 240Pu [ 6.56 KY ] 45.2 ( 45.0E- 3 ) 160.3 ( 42.0E- 5 )
104.23 74.6E- 1 % 236Np [ 155. KY ] 160.3 ( 27.6 ) 45.2 ( 15.0E- 2 )
Enter gamma-ray energy (keV), (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT search): 192.6
E(keV) I Isotope (T1/2) Two most intense gamma rays
E(keV) I E(keV) I
192.35 30.8E- 1 % 59Fe [ 44.4 D ] 1099.3 ( 56.5 ) 1291.6 ( 43.2 )
192.63 20.9 % 179Hf [ 25.1 D ] 453.5 ( 66.0 ) 362.4 ( 38.5 )
193.17 40.4E- 3 % 134Ce [ 3.16 D ] 162.3 ( 23.0E- 2 ) 130.4 ( 20.9E- 2 )
193.59 45.9E- 1 % 229Th [ 7.34 KY ] 210.9 ( 32.6E- 1 ) 31.4 ( 40.8E- 1 )
Most of the remaining gamma rays can be identified by repeating this
search for each spectral line. The following summarizes the matches
selected for the various searches, as obtained using the same
searching conditions:
E(keV) I Isotope (T1/2) Two most intense gamma rays
E(keV) I E(keV) I
103.18 28.3 % 153Sm [ 1.94 D ] 97.4 ( 73.0E- 2 ) 69.7 ( 53.2E- 1 )
123.78 29.1 % 131Ba [ 11.8 D ] 496.3 ( 43.8 ) 216.0 ( 19.9 )
159.38 68.0 % 47Sc [ 3.34 D ] ( ) ( )
192.35 30.8E- 1 % 59Fe [ 44.4 D ] 1099.3 ( 56.5 ) 1291.6 ( 43.2 )
282.52 30.6E- 1 % 175Yb [ 4.19 D ] 396.3 ( 65.0E- 1 ) 113.8 ( 19.1E- 1 )
312.01 36.0 % 233Pa [ 27.0 D ] 340.6 ( 41.7E- 1 ) 300.2 ( 62.0E- 1 )
320.08 98.3E- 1 % 51Cr [ 27.7 D ] ( ) ( )
328.76 20.7 % 140La [ 1.67 D ] 1596.5 ( 95.4 ) 487.0 ( 45.9 )
396.33 65.0E- 1 % 175Yb [ 4.19 D ] 113.8 ( 19.1E- 1 ) 282.5 ( 30.6E- 1 )
482.00 80.6 % 181Hf [ 42.3 D ] 345.8 ( 15.1 ) 132.9 ( 35.9 )
487.03 45.9 % 140La [ 1.67 D ] 1596.5 ( 95.4 ) 815.8 ( 23.6 )
496.26 43.8 % 131Ba [ 11.8 D ] 216.0 ( 19.9 ) 123.8 ( 29.1 )
497.05 88.7 % 103Ru [ 39.2 D ] 557.0 ( 83.2E- 2 ) 610.3 ( 56.4E- 1 )
604.71 97.6 % 134Cs [ 2.06 Y ] 569.3 ( 15.4 ) 795.9 ( 85.4 )
795.87 85.4 % 134Cs [ 2.06 Y ] 604.7 ( 97.6 ) 569.3 ( 15.4 )
815.78 23.6 % 140La [ 1.67 D ] 1596.5 ( 95.4 ) 487.0 ( 45.9 )
889.25 10.0E 1 % 46Sc [ 83.8 D ] 1120.5 ( 10.0E 1 ) ( )
834.83 10.0E 1 % 54Mn [ 312. D ] ( ) ( )
1076.69 87.8E- 1 % 86Rb [ 18.6 D ] ( ) ( )
1099.25 56.5 % 59Fe [ 44.4 D ] 192.3 ( 30.8E- 1 ) 1291.6 ( 43.2 )
1120.51 10.0E 1 % 46Sc [ 83.8 D ] ( ) 889.3 ( 10.0E 1 )
1173.24 99.9 % 60Co [ 5.27 Y ] 1332.5 ( 10.0E 1 ) 347.0 ( 76.0E- 4 )
1291.60 43.2 % 59Fe [ 44.4 D ] 1099.3 ( 56.5 ) 192.3 ( 30.8E -1 )
1297.06 74.9 % 47Ca [ 4.53 D ] 489.2 ( 67.4E- 1 ) 807.8 ( 68.9E- 1 )
1332.50 10.0E 1 % 60Co [ 5.27 Y ] 347.0 ( 76.0E -4 ) 1173.2 ( 99.9 )
1596.54 95.4 % 140La [ 1.67 D ] 815.8 ( 23.6 ) 487.0 ( 45.9 )
The following are selected gamma rays, which were retrieved by
including all gamma rays in the search, irrespective of intensity.
208.36 11.0 % 177Lu [ 6.71 D ] 321.3 ( 22.2E- 2 ) 112.9 ( 64.0E- 1 )
216.05 19.9 % 131Ba [ 11.8 D ] 496.3 ( 43.8 ) 123.8 ( 29.1 )
344.29 26.6 % 152Eu [ 13.3 Y ] 121.8 ( 28.4 ) 1408.0 ( 20.8 )
Spectral lines at 142.8, 145.6, 752.4, 779.4, 926.1, 964.6, and 1369.5
keV remain unassigned, but are probably weaker gamma rays emitted by
some of the isotopes listed above. Option 2 from the main menu, pre
gamma-ray energies and intensities for specific isotopes, might help
to assign these gamma rays. After leaving Option 1 as follows:
Enter gamma-ray energy (keV), (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT search): 0
GAMQUEST.OUT contains a copy of this session
(previous versions deleted).
Do you want a printout of this session? (Y/N): N
GAMQUEST displays its main menu:
______________________________________________________________
| |
| Enter: |
| |
| 1. To perform a gamma-ray search. |
| |
| 2. To list gamma and x rays by emitting isotope. |
| |
| 3. To QUIT. |
|______________________________________________________________|
Enter 1, 2, or 3: 1
Option 2 is active now. GAMQUEST displays the following:
______________________________________________________________________
| LIST OF GAMMA AND X RAYS |
| This section of the program lists x rays, and a number (given by |
| user) of the most intense gamma rays emitted by a specified |
| isotope. GAMQUEST prompts for the isotope's mass number (A) and |
| the element symbol (first letter should be capital). For isomers, |
| it also displays half-life, and requests a choice. It then prompts |
| for an energy range (optional), and finally, for the maximum number|
| of gamma rays (x rays not included) to be displayed. |
| X-ray intensities were deduced from atomic shell vacancies created |
| by electron conversion and electron capture. Only reasonably |
| precise K and L intensities were included in the database. |
| Intensities are: |
| * Photon emission probabilities (%) (per 100 disintegrations of |
| the emitting isotope), or |
| * Relative (r), usually normalized to 100 for the most intense |
| gamma ray. |
| The entire retrieval is stored in the file GAMLIST.OUT, which may |
| be displayed, edited, or printed at the end of the session. Other |
| pres may be created using the same or different input data. |
| |
| Please allow about 15 seconds to load the database. |
|_____________ L O A D I N G D A T A B A S E . . . __________________|
Enter parent mass number A, (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT): 152
Enter element symbol (e.g., Fe, Ag, etc.): Eu
152Eu has the following isomers:
13.3 Y
9.32 H
1.60 H
Choose one.
Enter half-life. No units: 14
Enter half-life unit (e.g., M, D, Y, etc.): y
Do you want to set a photon energy range?
Enter Y or N: Y
Enter minimum photon energy (keV): 70
Enter maximum photon energy (keV), (0 to CANCEL): 1600
Enter number of most intense gamma rays (e.g., 3, 10,...), (0 to CANCEL): 10
152Eu 14.00 Y
X rays and 10 Most Intense Gamma Rays
Between 70.00 keV and 1600.00 keV
Energy Intensity (%)
121.78 28.4 EC decay
244.69 75.1E- 1 EC decay
344.29 26.6 B- decay
443.89 28.0E- 1 EC decay
778.92 13.0 B- decay
867.38 42.1E- 1 EC decay
964.11 14.5 EC decay
1085.89 99.4E- 1 EC decay
1112.07 13.6 EC decay
1408.00 20.8 EC decay
Enter parent mass number A, (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT): 0
This table shows that the 779.4-, 964.6-, and 1409.0-keV lines could
be from the decay of 152Eu. Using the same procedure, it is possible
to make the following assignments: 142.8 to 59Fe, 145.6 to 175Yb,
752.4 and 926.1 (not among the ten most intense gamma rays) to 152Eu.
X-ray data are not available for 152Eu in the database, and therefore
not given. The only outstanding spectral line that remains
unidentified is the one at 1369.6 keV. A new search using option 1,
with no conditions other than the gamma-ray energy and uncertainty,
retrieves 24Na as a likely candidate:
1368.60 10.0E 1 % 24Na [ 14.6 H ] 3866.1 ( 50.8E- 3 ) 2754.0 ( 99.9 ).
The strong 24Na activity originated from the (n,g) reaction on 23Na,
contained in large amounts in the rock sample.
- A List of x Rays and Gamma Rays from the Decay
of 192Ir (74 hr).
- After choosing option 2 from the main menu, these are the
responses to GAMQUEST:
Enter parent mass number A, (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT): 192
Enter element symbol (e.g., Fe, Ag, etc.): Ir
192Ir has the following isomers:
73.8 D
1.45 M
241. Y
Choose one.
Enter half-life. No units: 73.8
Enter half-life unit (e.g., M, D, Y, etc.): d
Do you want to set a photon energy range?
Enter Y or N: N
**NO RESTRICTIONS ON PHOTON ENERGY**
Enter number of most intense gamma rays (e.g., 3, 10,...), (0 to CANCEL): 10
192Ir 73.80 D
X rays and 10 Most Intense Gamma Rays
Energy Intensity (%)
7.82 26.9E- 3 Os LL x-ray
8.27 75.8E- 3 Pt LL x-ray
8.90 60.3E- 2 Os LA x-ray
9.34 82.8E- 4 Os LN x-ray
9.43 16.4E- 1 Pt LA x-ray
9.98 27.0E- 3 Pt LN x-ray
10.47 62.8E- 2 Os LB x-ray
11.17 17.7E- 1 Pt LB x-ray
12.21 11.3E- 2 Os LG x-ray
13.02 31.7E- 2 Pt LG x-ray
61.49 11.6E- 1 Os KA2 x-ray
63.00 20.0E- 1 Os KA1 x-ray
65.12 26.6E- 1 Pt KA2 x-ray
66.83 45.6E- 1 Pt KA1 x-ray
71.31 68.6E- 2 Os KB1 x-ray
73.64 17.4E- 2 Os KB2 x-ray
75.63 15.9E- 1 Pt KB1 x-ray
78.12 41.5E- 2 Pt KB2 x-ray
205.80 31.8E- 1 EC decay
295.96 28.3 B- decay
308.46 29.3 B- decay
316.51 83.0 B- decay
374.52 70.9E- 2 EC decay
468.07 47.7 B- decay
484.65 31.3E- 1 EC decay
588.58 44.7E- 1 B- decay
604.41 82.3E- 1 B- decay
612.47 53.4E- 1 B- decay
Enter parent mass number A, (-1 for NEW retrieval, 0 to QUIT): 0
Notice that gamma rays are labeled with the appropriate decay mode.
Similarly, x rays are labeled with the corresponding chemical element
in which the atomic transition takes place. Intensities are given on a
single scale, irrespective of which decay mode the gamma ray follows.
(Return to Table of Contents)
I am grateful to V.S. Shirley for carefully reviewing and editing the
manuscript; to R.J. Mcdonald for his invaluable suggestions which made
the program more practical and easy to use; to M. Gelbaum for his
assistance with the implementation of GAMQUEST into World Wide Web,
particularly, for introducing me to the enchanting new world of
Mosaic; to L. Wong for installing a guest account on the CSA computer
cluster; to I. Zlimen and E.B. Norman for providing their gamma-ray
data on rock samples; to F. Chu for his assistance with graphics.
April, 1994
(Return to Table of Contents)
- Table of Radioactive Isotopes, Edgardo Browne and Richard
B. Firestone; edited by Virginia S. Shirley; John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York (1986).
- Datatrieve, a database-management system from Digital
Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts.
(Return to Table of Contents)
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